Complete medical guide to PCOS: revised Rotterdam criteria 2023, the four phenotypes, metabolic management, ovulation induction (letrozole over clomiphene) and IVF strategies. 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline and ESHRE.
Evidence-based guide to hyperprolactinemia: diagnostic thresholds, causes (prolactinoma, medications, hypothyroidism), macroprolactin pitfall, cabergoline first-line therapy, IVF, and pregnancy. Pituitary Society 2023, Endocrine Society and ESHRE guidelines.
Evidence-based guide to endometriosis: ultrasound and MRI diagnosis, endometrioma, pain, infertility and IVF. ESHRE 2022, ASRM and #Enzian classification.
Diagnosing endometriosis under the ESHRE 2022 guideline: the four-step IDEA ultrasound protocol, MRI indications, why CA-125 is no longer used, and the new, narrower role of diagnostic laparoscopy.
Ovarian endometrioma (chocolate cyst): ultrasound features, indications for surveillance vs surgery, impact of cystectomy on ovarian reserve (AMH), pre-IVF decisions, signs of malignancy, recurrence and fertility preservation.
Endometriosis and infertility: the EFI score, the impact of cystectomy on AMH, why routine surgery before IVF is no longer recommended, the end of the GnRH-agonist ultra-long protocol, and strategies adapted to the Turkish regulatory context.
Endometriosis surgery under ESHRE 2022: excision rather than ablation for superficial lesions, bowel-sparing techniques for deep infiltrating disease (Bendifallah 2020), multidisciplinary teams, and recurrence prevention.
Endometriosis symptoms: progressive dysmenorrhoea, deep dyspareunia, dyschezia, dysuria, infertility and chronic fatigue. Atypical presentations in adolescents, clinical examination, the global diagnostic delay, and warning signs that warrant prompt consultation.
Medical treatment of endometriosis pain under ESHRE 2022: NSAIDs, continuous combined hormonal contraceptives, dienogest, GnRH agonists with add-back, aromatase inhibitors, pelvic floor physiotherapy, and first-line management in adolescents.
Endometrial thickness before embryo transfer matters, but it should not be reduced to one number. Dr. Senai Aksoy explains the 7 mm threshold, thin lining decisions, timing, and when to investigate further.
Learn when a clinical varicocele may justify repair, when IVF or ICSI may be the faster path, and why the decision depends on semen findings, female partner factors, and time.
Learn what EmbryoScope and AI can add to embryo selection in IVF, where the evidence is strongest, and where the limits still matter.
CoQ10, melatonin and N-acetylcysteine often come up before IVF. Learn what trials and ESHRE guidance say, and when a cautious supplement discussion may be reasonable.
Can acupuncture or herbal remedies improve IVF outcomes? Learn what current evidence supports, what remains uncertain, and what to discuss with your fertility team.
Learn how symptoms such as discharge, itching, and odor can suggest yeast infection, bacterial vaginosis, or another cause, and why testing is often better than guessing.
Endometrial scratching was once promoted as a way to improve implantation, but large reviews now show little or no meaningful benefit for most IVF patients. This guide explains what the procedure is, why the idea was appealing, and where the evidence now stands.
Immune add-ons such as intralipids, IVIG, PBMC, or steroids are often discussed after repeated implantation failure. This guide explains why the evidence remains weak and why reassessing embryo, uterine, and timing factors usually matters more.
Routine hysteroscopy before a first IVF cycle is usually not recommended when ultrasound is normal and there are no warning signs. This guide explains when it becomes more useful and what questions it can realistically answer.
EmbryoGlue is a hyaluronic acid-enriched transfer medium used during embryo transfer. This guide explains what it does, where the evidence is strongest, and why it is not a universal add-on for every IVF cycle.
Learn why isotretinoin is being studied for some men with non-obstructive azoospermia, what the current evidence shows, and why treatment selection still matters.
Learn what embryo grades such as 4AA, 3BB, and 5BC actually mean, what they can predict, and why morphology is only one part of IVF success.
Frozen embryo transfer can be prepared with an HRT, natural, or hybrid protocol. This guide explains how each option works, where the tradeoffs differ, and why the best approach depends on ovulation pattern, timing, and pregnancy risk factors.
A Lactobacillus-dominant vaginal microbiome may support implantation, while dysbiosis can be linked to inflammation and repeated IVF failure. Learn what the evidence shows, who may need testing, and why self-treatment is not the answer.
Learn how micro-TESE is used for nonobstructive azoospermia, what affects sperm retrieval, and when a second attempt may still make sense.
IVF success is not about chasing the highest egg count. This guide explains why 10 to 15 eggs is often a useful target, why quality matters more than quantity, and what fewer eggs can still mean.
Compare fresh and frozen embryo transfer in IVF, including when each approach is preferred, how outcomes differ, and why the best choice depends on stimulation response, embryo planning, and endometrial context.
Learn the common causes of spotting or bleeding after embryo transfer, how to distinguish mild spotting from period-like bleeding, and when symptoms should be reported urgently.
Learn when laparoscopic myomectomy works well, when it becomes difficult, and why some fibroid cases are safer with open surgery.
Learn the main IVF stimulation protocols, the medication groups used in each one, and how doctors choose a safer, more effective plan based on ovarian reserve, diagnosis, and OHSS risk.
Learn when hysteroscopy is useful in infertility care, which uterine findings it can diagnose or treat, and why it is not routinely needed for every IVF patient.
Learn how hydrosalpinx affects fertility, why it can reduce IVF success, and which treatment options are usually considered before the next cycle.
Learn why spontaneous pregnancy can still happen after IVF, who is more likely to experience it, and what it means for future family planning or contraception.
Wondering how many eggs you should freeze to have a baby later? Learn how age, mature egg number, and realistic probabilities shape egg-freezing planning.
Learn what functional ovarian cysts are, when they usually resolve on their own, and which symptoms or ultrasound findings need faster review.
Learn which IVF success strategies are backed by evidence, including individualized stimulation, embryo transfer decisions, lifestyle optimization, and avoiding unproven add-ons.
IVF in Turkey can be medically safe at well-regulated clinics, but international patients should understand legal limits, frozen embryo rules, and total treatment costs before choosing where to start care.
Unexplained infertility means standard testing has not found a clear reason for delayed conception yet. Learn what may be missed by routine tests, when expectant management makes sense, and when IUI or IVF becomes more useful.
Learn what to review after a failed IVF cycle, including egg yield, fertilization, embryo development, transfer strategy, uterine factors, and when further testing is useful.
IUI with a partner's sperm is a simpler fertility treatment than IVF, but success depends on age, ovulation, sperm quality, and tube status. Learn who it helps most, what the process involves, and when it makes sense to move on.
Learn which supplements are most often discussed in male infertility, where evidence is strongest, and why supplementation should follow diagnosis rather than guesswork.
Fibroids do not affect IVF in the same way across all patients. Learn which fibroids matter, when surgery may help, and how size and location influence implantation, egg retrieval, and treatment planning.
Review how letrozole is used in fertility care, where evidence for endometrial benefit is strongest, and why it is not the right answer for every implantation problem.
Learn when immune factors may be considered after repeated IVF failure, which tests are commonly discussed, and why many immune treatments remain uncertain outside selected cases.
Understand when hysteroscopic surgery may help selected adenomyosis cases, what its limits are, and how it fits into fertility-preserving treatment planning.
Learn what ERA and other endometrial receptivity tests are designed to do, why routine use remains controversial, and which selected IVF cases still lead clinicians to discuss them.
Some supplements may help selected men with abnormal semen parameters, especially when oxidative stress is part of the picture. Learn which ingredients are most studied, when they may be reasonable, and why evaluation still matters more than self-treatment.
Learn why hydrosalpinx lowers natural fertility and IVF success, how it is diagnosed, and why salpingectomy or tubal occlusion is often recommended before transfer.
Learn what ovarian PRP involves, what the current studies suggest, and why it remains an experimental option in fertility care.
Review the current evidence linking mobile phone use with male fertility and learn why the overall data remain suggestive rather than conclusive.
Learn how chronic endometritis may affect implantation, why it is often silent, and why biopsy-based confirmation matters more than guessing from symptoms alone.
Learn how adenomyosis can affect IVF planning, when pretreatment may help, and why transfer timing and uterine preparation are individualized.
IVF outcomes are shaped by age, embryo biology, uterine conditions, sperm factors, and a treatment plan that fits the diagnosis. Learn which steps usually matter most and why many add-ons are oversold.
Understand the main causes of female infertility and how they shape IVF planning, including ovulation disorders, tubal factors, uterine conditions, age, and diagnostic testing.
Practical post-transfer guidance on activity, progesterone use, hydration, food safety, and which symptoms matter during the two-week wait.
Learn how male infertility is evaluated, when IVF or ICSI may help, and why treatment should be based on the specific sperm, hormonal, genetic, or obstructive cause.
What to do and what to avoid in the two weeks after embryo transfer. Symptoms, activity, medication adherence, and how to interpret the wait without over-reading individual signs.
Learn how embryo cryopreservation and frozen embryo transfer work, when freezing helps IVF outcomes, and which tradeoffs matter for timing, safety, and endometrial preparation.
Learn how embryo transfer is performed, which technical and biological factors matter most, and why rituals after transfer matter less than timing and embryo quality.
Learn how conventional IVF, ICSI, and natural-cycle IVF differ, and why doctors choose them for different medical situations rather than treating them as interchangeable versions of the same treatment.
Understand when PGT can reveal embryo sex, when sex selection may be used for medical reasons, and why non-medical use remains ethically and legally restricted in many settings.
Learn when hysteroscopy can help fertility care, what uterine problems it can treat, and why it is most useful in selected patients rather than as a routine step for everyone.
Hysteroscopy is most useful when bleeding, infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, or imaging raises concern about a problem inside the uterine cavity. Learn when it is used, what it can treat, and when it is not appropriate.
Compare laparoscopy and open surgery in gynecology, including recovery, risks, and when each approach may be better for fertility-related care.
Egg and sperm donation can help some patients build a family when pregnancy with their own gametes is not possible or medically advisable. Learn when donation is discussed, what medical screening is involved, and why legal rules differ by country.
Uterine polyps are benign overgrowths of the endometrial lining, but they can still cause bleeding or interfere with implantation. Learn how they are diagnosed, when removal is useful, and why treatment depends on symptoms and pregnancy plans.
Learn why IVF success is better understood across multiple cycles, and how age, embryo quality, diagnosis, and treatment dropout shape the real cumulative chance of live birth.
Ovulation disorders such as PCOS and hypothalamic dysfunction account for a large share of female infertility. How IVF fits into the care pathway, what to expect, and why protocols must be individualized.
Understand why stem cells are being studied in fertility care, which conditions they may target, and why most applications remain experimental.
Egg freezing can preserve future reproductive options, but success depends heavily on age at freezing and the number of mature eggs stored. This guide explains what patients should realistically expect.
Learn which fibroids are most likely to affect fertility, how fibroid location changes risk, and when myomectomy may help before pregnancy or IVF.
Learn what a chemical pregnancy is, what symptoms and test patterns suggest it, and what it usually means for future fertility.
Learn when vaginal delivery is possible after IVF and which obstetric factors usually matter more than the fact that the pregnancy started with assisted reproduction.
Learn what exosomes are, why they are being studied for ovarian aging, and why exosome-based ovarian rejuvenation is still experimental.
Understand the main factors that influence IVF success, including age, ovarian reserve, embryo quality, sperm factors, uterine findings, and why clinic statistics do not tell the whole story.
PGT-M combines IVF, embryo biopsy, and targeted genetic testing to reduce the chance of transferring an embryo affected by a known single-gene condition. Learn who it helps, how the process works, and what its limits are.
Learn which lifestyle, medical, and surgical factors can affect sperm quality, and why a structured male fertility evaluation matters more than guessing with supplements.
Unexplained infertility means standard testing has not identified a single cause. This guide explains what the diagnosis covers and how doctors choose between waiting, IUI, and IVF.
Review what usually changes the cost of IVF treatment, including medication, laboratory steps, freezing, genetic testing, and the number of cycles needed.
Learn how to interpret the first beta-hCG blood test after IVF, why repeat values matter more than one number, and when ultrasound becomes more informative than hormone levels alone.
Learn how ovarian stimulation works in IVF, why medication protocols differ from one patient to another, and which safety issues matter most during monitoring.
Twin pregnancy after IVF raises the risk of prematurity, hypertensive disorders, cesarean birth, and neonatal complications. Learn why single-embryo transfer is now the safer default in many cases.
Learn how doctors choose embryo transfer timing in IVF, and why day 3, day 5, or a later frozen transfer may each make sense in different situations.
Learn which IVF risks are most important in practice, including OHSS, egg retrieval complications, multiple pregnancy, and the emotional and financial burden of treatment.
Learn the most common reasons IVF can fail, including embryo factors, age, uterine conditions, sperm issues, and chance, and understand what to review before the next cycle.
Pelvic inflammatory disease can affect the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Learn what usually causes PID, why early treatment matters, and how it can affect fertility.
Learn what normal vaginal flora does, what commonly causes vaginitis, and how bacterial vaginosis, yeast infection, trichomoniasis, and atrophic vaginitis are usually distinguished.
Egg retrieval is usually done with sedation or anesthesia to control pain. This guide explains the main options, how they differ, and why safety, comfort, and clinic experience matter more than choosing one universal method.
